How port services shape the total cost of carriage, and how waiting time and coordination with inland transport affect the choice of port.
Port costs include berthing fees, harbour tug services, pilotage, and loading and discharging. Depending on the type of vessel, the cargo and the port, they make up a significant share of voyage costs.
Waiting time at anchorage is one of the most expensive hidden variables. Higher berth capacity usually shortens this wait and can reduce the total cost, but port tariffs must also be included in the calculation.
Coordination between sea transport and inland transport after discharge determines the quality of the whole logistics chain.